Herein, the fretting behavior of textured surfaces with varying depths under  punch/plane conditions for TC4 (Ti-6Al-4 V) is simulated using the finite element  method . The effects of surface texture on mechanical properties, wear behavior,  and fatigue characteristics are analyzed. The Archard and energy wear models are  employed to simulate fretting behavior, while the Smith–Watson–Topper model  is utilized to predict the fatigue damage. The interfacial dynamics remained  unchanged in the presence of surface textures. Fretting states of the partial slip  regime (PSR) or the gross slip regime (GSR) are identical under similar loading  conditions for smooth as well as textured surfaces. In the PSR, the primary  damage mechanism is fatigue cracking, and the fatigue life of textured surfaces  decreased with increasing texture depth. Compared with the smooth sample, the  fatigue life of the textured surface with 40 μm groove depth reduces by ≈6.3%. In  the GSR, wear is observed to be the dominant damage mechanism, and textured  surfaces demonstrated better anti-wear performance at lower displacement amplitudes (≤30 μm) when compared with the smooth surfaces.

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